Change has always been a part of my professional life. It was not that I became bored with my job, but rather, once I had completed an activity to my satisfaction, I wanted to try something else. And so it was that in December 1969. I moved from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases of the NIH to become Assistant Director of the Division of Research Resources. There was little distinction between an Institute and a Division within the NIH. The current Director of the DRR, Tom Bowery, had finally convinced me I should make the change. My office was now much larger than any I had previously occupied. There was even room for couches, coffee tables and a standard, governmental credenza!
The Division supported large, institution-wide programs involved with multi-disciplinary approaches that cost more money than would be provided by a normal research grant with a highly limited purpose. There were four Branches within the Division.
The Animal Resources Branch funded facilities for animals serving as test subjects. This was a decade before organizations such as “People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals” (PETA) were formed. The expanded resources needed by university researchers who could not obtain funds for the upkeep of individual colonies of animals did follow humane procedures from their inceptions, even though action groups coming later never seemed to accept this premise. The nonhuman primates housed at such sites were very well cared for. I enjoyed visiting the center at the Davis campus of the University of California and the one housed in Seattle for the University of Washington. At the time, there were other centers located in Beaverton, Oregon; San Antonio, Texas; Madison, Wisconsin; and Covington, Louisiana. The most famous, perhaps, was the Yerkes Center affiliated with Emory University.
A counterpart to the nonhuman Animal Resources Branch was the General Clinical Research Centers Branch. It offered institution-wide support to medical schools and hospitals throughout the country so that clinical studies could be undertaken with human subjects having different medical conditions. While the various Institutes of the NIH awarded grants for clinical trials relating to specific diseases of interest to them, this Branch of the DRR funded multi-disciplinary units dedicated to medical studies without being restricted to a particular disease. My discussions with the staff in this branch included problems concerning policy questions and procedural implementation of hospitalization and fee-for service questions for both in-patient and ambulatory studies. These meetings were far different from those focused on the biochemical concepts I had once discussed with colleagues.
A more scientific content was part of my discussions with those in the Special Research Resources Branch, the administrative group supporting the purchase of large equipment that was, for the first time, being used for medical studies. These were the days when not every laboratory could have its own electron-microscope or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) machine. This was the initiation of “big science” which was “big” primarily because of the expensive, newly developed equipment, now found within every hospital and medical school, that demanded multiple users to justify the cost of doing research with it.
Counter to the “big science” supported by the Special Research Resources Branch were the institutional awards made by the Branch which managed the BRSG: Biomedical Research Support Grants. Depending upon how much funding a medical school or university received from the NIH, each school was awarded a grant it could use to initiate basic research before such studies led to sufficient results to request funds for an independent award made directly by one of the Institutes of the NIH. In my later professional life, when I was involved with research grants made to either the University of Massachusetts or Baylor College of Medicine, I was also the “Principle Investigator” who managed the school’s BRSG award. It was then that I convened groups of faculty who reviewed requests from other researchers who needed limited support to obtain preliminary data which would justify their approach when seeking additional funds for advanced research. In order to engage in research, a scientist needed to have done enough preliminary work to confirm that the work to be undertaken would be validly approached.
This may be the primary reason why I left the research lab. It was a difficult challenge to solicit funds to prove you can do something before you can do it! Put another way: you need to have changed before you are allowed to change. Once you’ve accomplished something, it’s now time to accomplish something even better.